What is stigma and why is it dangerous?

Merriam-Webster defines stigma as “a set of negative and unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have about something” or “a mark of shame or discredit; a stain.”

In the 80s and 90s, when the HIV/AIDS epidemic was at its highest, stigma led to a lack of resources and research available on the disease. Stigma also trickled into hospital care and other professional environments. 

HIV/AIDS is understood better these days with more research, prevention, and treatment methods available, and a diagnosis is no longer a death sentence. But, stigma and shame are just as dangerous, as it keeps people from getting help, and connecting with other people. 

We believe the best way to fight stigma is through education, and in this month’s blogs, we hope to dispel myths about this disease.

What is HIV/AIDS and what is the difference between them?

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that weakens the immune system, and if left untreated, can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). While there’s currently no cure for HIV, effective medical care can manage the virus and help people live healthy lives. 

With effective HIV treatment, people living with HIV can lead long, healthy lives and help protect their partners, too.

How is it transmitted?

HIV is most commonly spread through anal or vaginal sex and by sharing needles or other drug injection tools. 

Only certain body fluids can transmit HIV.

  • Blood 
  • Semen (cum) 
  • Pre-cum
  • Rectal fluids
  • Vaginal fluids
  • Breast milk

For HIV transmission to occur, these fluids must come into contact with a mucous membrane, or damaged tissue, or be injected directly into the bloodstream (such as with a needle).

Factors such as viral load (the amount of HIV in a sample of blood) other STIs, and alcohol or drug use can increase the risk of HIV transmission.

How can I prevent getting HIV?

Today, we have more ways than ever to prevent HIV. Here are some effective strategies:

  • Use condoms correctly every time you have sex.
  • Avoid sharing needles, syringes, or other injection equipment.
  • Consider PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for ongoing prevention.
  • Use PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) if you've been exposed to HIV.
  • Getting tested regularly if you are at-risk.

Each of these steps can make a big difference in protecting your health.

I've heard about U=U, but what does that mean?

U=U was first introduced in 2016 by activists Bruce Richman and Gus Cairns. It stands for “Undetectable = Untransmittable.” This means that if someone’s viral load is undetectable, they cannot pass the infection on to someone else. 

What are some other important things I should know about HIV/AIDS?

Here are some good news for you!

In 2022, new HIV cases dropped to an estimated 31,800—a 12% decrease since 2018. Young people (ages 13-24) led the way with a 30% drop in new cases! 

What’s behind these positive changes? More people are getting on PrEP, managing their viral loads, and getting tested regularly, all of which make a big difference in preventing HIV.

However, in 2022, the U.S. saw 38,043 new HIV cases, with over half happening in the South. Diagnoses among gay and bisexual men stayed about the same overall, though there were increases in specific groups: 

  • Up by 25% among transgender women.
  • Up by 22% among Hispanic/Latino gay and bi men.
  • Up by 17% among Hispanic/Latino people overall. 

Meanwhile, diagnoses dropped among people ages 13-24 by 14% and among Black women by 10%, though Black women still make up 50% of cases among cisgender women and 41% among trans women. 

But, on a positive note, HIV-related deaths declined by 25%, thanks to early testing and better access to care and treatment.

Uniting Against Stigma


Central Outreach was created to reach people where they are and to provide care to people who are often left behind by the larger healthcare system. This information and statistics may feel heavy and overwhelming, but they are a reminder of how important compassionate care, knowledge, and community are. 

Our theme for World AIDS Day this year is “bonded by love, separated by stigma,” and we are working to bridge those gaps in knowledge and care. Whether through prevention, compassionate care, or simply listening, let’s work to create a future free from stigma and full of support for everyone.

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